According to the maker, J-B Weld needs 4-6 hours to set and more like 24 hours for full strength so you didn’t give it nearly enough time. Also, my guess is it will not bond particularly well to Pex which seems to have a fairly high self-lubricity like nylon or Delrin or PTFE. If there was any trace amount of oil on the end of the cartridge, that would be another trouble spot.
As for trying Superglue, it works best on very close-fitting surfaces so I doubt it would work well either. If you want to pursue it further, I suggest a ½”wooden dowel and a conventional quick-set epoxy (e.g. 5 minute epoxy)…and still give it a couple of hours before attempting to pull it. The tricky part is making sure you use enough for it to be effective but not so much that it runs down and bonds the cartridge in the tube. Once it has become firm, you can place it in the sunshine and the heat will help the epoxy cure faster.
Like I said before though, most likely you’re going to have to replace the seal. Can’t blame you for trying to avoid opening it up. It’s just that I’ve seen that very symptom and I managed to get the cartridge out but the seal was compromised and it failed entirely after 2 or 3 more cartridges. If it comes to that, take some consolation in the fact the Plinkster is extremely easy to work on.
Good luck!