Barrel Polishing

My experience has been to do it either in a barrel that is just not shooting well, or, in one that lead fouls excessively and is hard to clean (and probably not shooting well).



What Ed said, and I just did a barrel that was shooting good that I thought should shoot better. I polished the barrel and the crown with JB bore paste and the results were amazing, the barrel now stacks pellets in the same tiny hole.
 
Near every barrel on near every gun that passes threw the shop gets barrel lapping done. Tho not with JB paste but something far more aggressive that has proven to be ideal with MANY satisfied customers astonished by there guns accuracy after getting them back form Motorheads AG Tuning Services.

Not polished, but smoothed by removal of metal fretting, surface inconsistencies and then a hard wax applied to surface.



Only barrels that get left alone are CZ & BSA hammer forged, They may get some JB but nothing more.
 
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Good info posted already. 

I’ve also had good results with fire-lapping (I use fine valve lapping compound). I use a Qtip with the swab cut off to make a ‘stick’, dab some into the breech, fire 3 shots, repeat.

During the process, I’ll clean, inspect and check grouping. A sharpened pencil, pasted and chucked in a drill does a fair job of polishing crowns. Sometimes I’ll chuck a copper jacketed .30 cal bullet (no case or primer/powder!) for a tapered recrown.


 
Polishing and Lapping can do wonders but it does need to be done in moderation, if you have a barrel that is fowling all the time then polish first and test your groups. 

On my Black Powder guns I use fire lapping

a trick I use to see if is needed is to run a cotten ball through then a scope camera you will be amazed at the burrs you can see. 

Be cautious with choked barrels Lapping can grind out some of the choke. And make sure to remove the moderator if you have one 
 
I will run JB paste thru a new gun 20 or so times down and back. Upon a suggestion from a tuner, I no longer use a brush. ..I use a swab. I clean the paste out with Hoppes #9, then Ballistol, then dry...all with swabs. Then a couple of times with dry patches.

After that, only clean when it starts to shotgun. And general, I omit the bore paste. I consider whether there's potential for damaging the rifling when choosing to use it or not. If it's really fouled, yeah, but only ten or so round trips.