During the Regulater install I had my S510 apart more times than I can count. Never had it dump below a certain amount, always had to dry fire it way down, and even then when unscrewing the cylinder it would hiss a little as it came off the o-ring. On fillup with a tank, never had any problems. I don't have a pump so I never tried that method. IMHO your valve either has a bad spring, it's getting stuck somehow or there's some trash in it (part of an o-ring maybe.) If I were you, I'd disassemble the gun and inspect it. It's very easy to do especially now that you've got it empty already.
You say you have a SCUBA tank in one of your posts, SCUBA is maxed out even on a steel cylinder at ~3400psi, Aluminum tanks at 3000. The S510 will take that no problem. I fill mine all the time from a steel cylinder and take a full shot. If it's SCBA you have, that's 4500psi and no, you can't just open the valve wide on that. Watch your gauge and creep up on it. You should have no problem regulating how much pressure is coming from the tank w/ the valve.